THE LUBBAD FAMILY HISTORY
The Lubbad family history:
Initially kwon to have lived in the North African region of Hanshir al Lubad, today located in the Democratic Arab Republic of Libya, State of Gharyan . The tribe live in the Sahara Desert, originally of the Berber race. Berbers comprise a clear majority of the population of North Africa in terms of race, but in terms of identity, a considerable minority.
The Berbers have lived in North Africa since the earliest recorded time. References to them date from about 3000 B.C. and occur frequently in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman sources. For many centuries, the Berbers inhabited the coast of North Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean. They continued to inhabit the region until the 7th century AD, when the Arabs conquered North Africa and drove many Berber tribes inland to the Atlas Mountains and to areas in and near the Sahara.
The first time the name Lubbad is mentioned is in the Berber and Arab incretion war. The Lubbad Tribe had allied itself with the Berber forces of Kahina. At the time of the Arab conquest, the Berbers were ruled by a Queen of Jewish descent. Her name was Kahina (also spelt Cahina). Her real name was Dihyā, Dahyā or Damiya (the Arabic spellings are difficult to distinguish between these variants); al-Kāhinat was the nickname used by her Arab opponents because of her reputed ability to foresee the future. According to legend, Kahna was the daughter of Tabat, or some say Mātiya, a chieftain of the Jrāwa tribe from the Aurès Mountains. Other accounts indicate she was a Jew or that her tribe was Judaized Berbers, though scholars dispute this.Ibn Khaldun records many legends about Kahna. A number of them refer to her long hair or great size, both legendary characteristics of sorcerers. She is also supposed to have had the gift of prophecy and she had three sons, which is characteristic of witches in legends. Even the fact that two were her own and one was adopted (an Arab officer she had captured), was an alleged trait of sorcerers in tales. Another legend claims that in her youth, she had supposedly freed her people from a tyrant by agreeing to marry him and then murdering him on their wedding night. Virtually nothing else of her personal life is known.
AL-Kahna succeeded Kusaila as the war leader of the Berber tribes in the 680s and opposed the encroaching Arab armies of the Umayyad Dynasty. Hasan ibn al-Nu'man marched from Egypt and captured the major Byzantine city of Carthage and other cities. Searching for another enemy to defeat, he was told that the most powerful monarch in North Africa was AL-Kahna, and accordingly marched towards the Aurès.
The first Berber unit was lead by Yaghmurassen from the northern Berber tribe of Bo-Lubbad. Leading 200 or 300 men of his tribe, armed with lances and swords, the Berber unit confronted a 5000 strong Arab army formed mainly of cavaliers.
Legend informs us that Yaghmurassen ordered his men to attack right forward aiming at the medal of the Arab army, his objective was of killing the Arab army general. At the time such a tactic would usually work quite efficiently, since in the time with the death or killing of the army leader his army would retreat or wither away quite fast. As Yaghmurassen men advanced, it is said - the Lubbad General would yell “to the last man” and his men would roar “to the last drop of blood”. The result of his diehard stand, was the massacre of all the Berber Unit, thus AL-Kahna had time to organize and gather here armies.
The armies met near Meskiana in the present-day province of Oum el-Bouaghi, Algeria. There she defeated Hasan so soundly that he fled Ifriqiya and holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for four or five years. Realizing that the enemy was too powerful and bound to return, she embarked on a scorched earth campaign, which had little impact on the mountain and desert tribes, but lost her the crucial support of the sedentary oasis-dwellers. Instead of discouraging the Arab armies, her desperate decision hastened defeat. Hasan eventually returned and, aided by communications with the captured officer adopted by AL-Kahna, defeated her at a locality (presumably in present-day Algeria ) about which there is some uncertainty.
Before the battle, foreseeing the outcome, she sent her two real sons over to the Arab army under the care of the adopted son, and Hasan is said to have given one of them charge of a section of his forces.
According to some accounts, AL-Kahna had taken as personal bodyguards the best 10 knights of here army, within them we found the records of 03 Lubbad knights all children of the tribe chief. Even thou we are not cretin about their names nor ages, we believe it possibly could have been the sons of Itij, the last pagan Lubbad Chief, Farudja, Unissae and Tarhonja. It`s believed that of the three only Farudja came back to his tribe.As the battle started and ended it is thought that AL-Kahna died fighting the invaders, sword in hand, a warrior's death. Other accounts say she committed suicide by swallowing poison rather than be taken by the enemy. In one of the most tragic narratives it is said that as defeat became eminent here own body graders decided to kill here to guarantee that she would not be captured and humiliated, so all 10 bodyguards killed here, thus her blood was divided on all tribes.
This final act occurred in the 690s, with 693 (some say 697) given as the most likely year. In that year, she was, according to ancient accounts quoted by Ibn Khaldun, 127 years old, which would place the year of her birth in the 6th century, c. 566. This was probably not meant literally, as great age was often depicted with exaggerated numbers.
In later centuries, Kahina's legend was used to bolster the claims of Berbers in al-Andalūs against Arab claims of ethnic supremacy—in the early modern age, she was used by Europeans, Berbers, and Arabs alike for their own didactic purposes.
The Lubbad tribe remained in Hanshir al Lubad, taking defensive positions and preparing for an eminent Arab attack. This would not happen as soon as the Lubbad`s expected; After the victory against the Berber queen it effectively brought Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia and eastern Algeria) under Arab control. Thus Ibn Abd al-Hakam, even thou knowing about some lasting resisting pockets, decided that he did not want to start a new problem in Cyrenaica (modern Libya) that already was under the Arab control, at least not yet.
He appointed Abu Salih as emir over Ifriqiya while keeping the emirates of Cyrenaica and other parts of Libya for himself. He returned to Kairouan and re-established it as the capital of Ifriqiya, building (or re-building) the mosque, establishing official registers, and levying land taxes (against Muslims) and poll taxes (against Christians).
Having completed this task, he returned to Damascus in about 695-698 to report to the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik, having left a deputy in charge of Cyrenaica . As he passed through Egypt, he was "relieved" of his captives by the caliph's brother Abd al-Aziz, who was governor of Egypt . It is said that they included two hundred Berber slave girls each worth a thousand Dinars.In his absence, a Byzantine naval raiding force attacked Cyrenaica and occupied it for upwards of a month. Hasan's deputy fled to Egypt , and his trusted lieutenant Zuhayr was killed while attempting to repel the Greeks. Eventually a scratch force of Arabs drove the intruders out, after which Abd al-Aziz put one of his freed slaves in charge of Cyrenaica .
When Hasan attempted to return to North Africa, he asked Abd al-Aziz to remove his slave from Libya, but the Egyptian governor refused. Hasan then threatened to go to the caliph, whereupon Abd al-Aziz told him "Go". Hasan returned to Damascus, where he and Abd al-Malik learned that Abd al-Aziz had made Musa bin Naddir emir over Ifriqiya, deposing Abu Salih. Abd al-Malik disliked Musa, and prepared to use this as a pretext to do something about Abd al-Aziz. Unfortunately Hasan, who had been ill since leaving Egypt, died suddenly. This was in about 698 (according to some sources, up to 10 years after this!).
Musa bin Naddir, decided to end any kind of resistance against the Arab forces, blaming the Berber for the Byzantine naval raiding force disembarking in Cyrenaica, which may not have been so absorbed, it is believed that the Berber did have a hand in the invasion even if not successful in its maintaining of Cyrenaica.
It was then that the Hanshir al Lubad was finally attacked by the Arab forces. On the eve of the battle, stories told by the natives of modern day Gharyan: informs us that the oldest son and well known warrior knight Farudja, one of the surviving solders of the last battle of AL-Kahna against the Arabs, had secretly converted to Islam. So not willing to raise a sword against other Muslims, he decided to send a letter to Musa bin Naddir asking him for time as well as informing him of his conversion. Being that, Musa bin Naddir decided to camp one the outskirts of Hanshir al Lubad and wait for news form Farudja.
Having now gained the trust of the Arabs, he decided to end his tribes ordeal, on the evening of the second day Farudja informed his father Itij of his conversion to Islam, and gave him two options, conversion or surrender. As Itij exploded with rage Farudja was obligated to have a sword fight with his father, that ended with the death of Itij. Farudja declared all Lubbad under de command of Musa bin Naddir as well as the conversion of the tribe to Islam.
With this the tribe now lead by Farudja presented Musa bin Naddir with 600 men, their best warriors and knights, this men would go on to serve Musa till the day he died, some as personal guards others as generals in the Islamic army, and some were sent to Damascus to be part of the Caliph’s special guards.
Musa bin Naddir now governor of Ifriqiya was given the task of completing the Umayyad conquest of North Africa . He was the first governor of Ifriqiya not to be subordinate to the governor of Egypt . He was the first Muslim general to take Tangiers and occupy it; his troops also conquered the Sous, effectively taking control of all of modern Morocco.
It is said that he took 200,000 captive slaves from the conquered populations, and when the caliph's share (one-fifth) arrived in Damascus people were astonished at the size of the booty. He also had to deal with constant harassment from the Byzantine navy and he built a navy that would go on to conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Minorca.
In Hispania there was internal fighting among the Visigoths. Among the factions were the sons of a recently deceased king Wittiza of the Visigoths who felt that they had unfairly been stripped of power by Roderic. They appealed to Musa to intervene in their civil war, and Musa obliged. His deputy, Tariq bin Ziyad, concluded a treaty with Julian, Count of Ceuta, whose daughter is said to have been raped by Roderic. With Julian's assistance, Tariq's army landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711, from whence they proceeded to conquer most of the Iberian peninsula . Their major victory came in September of the same year when the Umayyad armies defeated Roderic at the Guadalete River.Musa joined Tariq in 712 and led armies into Septimania, where he annexed some land. Musa was planning an invasion of the rest of Europe when he was recalled to Damascus by Caliph al-Waleed. This may have had something to do with his having thrown Tariq into prison; Tariq managed to smuggle a letter out informing the caliph of what had happened, and reportedly al-Waleed was greatly displeased.
Both North African leaders were therefore summoned by the caliph to Damascus . Tariq arrived first. But then the caliph took ill. So the caliph's brother, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, asked Musa, who was arriving with a cavalcade of soldiers and spoils, to delay his grand entry into the city until al-Waleed recovered. But Musa dismissed this request, triumphally entered Damascus anyway, and brought his case before the ailing al-Waleed. After hearing from both Musa and Tariq, the caliph concluded that Musa, as emir, had wronged his subordinate general, Tariq, by taking all the credit. al-Waleed then died a few days later and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman, who soon demanded that Musa deliver up all his spoils. When Musa complained, Suleiman stripped him of his rank and confiscated all the booty, including a table which reputedly once belonged to Solomon.
One of Musa's sons was Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa. Taking part in the conquest of Spain , he had married a Spanish Christian queen, and soon began instituting Spanish customs such as forcing his guests to bow to him. It was rumoured that he had secretly become a Christian, and a group of Arabs assassinated him, cut off his head and sent it to the caliph. Sulayman had Musa in his audience when the head arrived, and seeing whose it was, callously asked Musa if he recognized it. Musa maintained his dignity, saying he recognized it as belonging to someone who had always practiced the faith fervently, and cursed the men who had killed him.
Musa died naturally while on the Hajj pilgrimage with Sulayman in about the year 715-716. Because of his disgrace, and the misfortunes of his sons, there was a tendency among medieval historians of the Maghreb to attribute his deeds (the conquest of Tangiers and the Sous) to Uqba ibn Nafi.
The Lubbad Family disappears totally form the seams, as if it decided to take a back seat as it watched the world around it change refusing to participate with anything more than 600 men it gave to Musa. Maybe this fact weekend the tribe or made it less willing to fight. Well something happened that only presented the Lubbad family again in 827, as a fully-fledged Arab invasion of Sicily became inevitable.
The Lubbad tribe volunteered most of all its male members able to handle a spear or a sword to the campaign. Lead at the time by the tribe’s first-born son ANTALAS LUBBAD.
The invasion was sparked by a failed Sicilian coup against an unpopular Byzantine governor. Euphemius, a wealthy landowner, overcame the imperial garrison in Siracusa, declared himself Emperor, and invited the Aghlabid Emir of Tunisia to help him. The response was a fleet of 100 ships and 10,000 troops under the command of ASAD IBN AL-FURAT, which consisted largely of Arab, Berber, and Spanish Muslims.
It the attack at Siracusa, the Lubbad tribe maintained it self as one unit commanded by ANTALAS LUBBAD who under the orders of ASAD IBN AL-FURAT, attacked the city, after some days of resistance the Muslims gained a foothold in Mazara del Vallo. Palermo fell after a long siege in 831, but Siracusa held out until 878.
From 842 to 859 the Arabs captured Messina, Modica, Ragusa and Enna. In 902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold also fell to the Arabs and by 965 all of Sicily was under Arab control and Palermo became one of the largest cities in the world.
After the invasion, it`s believed that the tribe started to migrate slowly to Sicily where they started a well lucrative business of olive oil. Slowly the tribe mostly converged in to Palermo where we can still find in the ruins of the Arab rule the name written in some stone and wooden marks.
As the island became virtually an independent emirate. The Lubbad tribe became more and more involved with trade between Africa and Europe since Sicily played a privileged role as bridge between the two worlds. The tribe flourished, since taxes were low and a tolerant regime allowed subjects to abide by their own laws. Despite freedom of worship, Christians freely converted to Islam and there were soon hundreds of mosques in Palermo alone.
With the Arabs initiated land reforms, which in turn, increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further borrowed Roman engineering and Persian irrigation systems.
Ibn Hawqual, a Baghdad merchant who visited Sicily in 950, gave a description of Palermo. A walled suburb called the Kasr (the citadel) is the center of Palermo until today, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral.The suburb of Khalessah (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. In addition to Spanish Moors and Arabs, there were Berbers, black Africans, Persians, Greeks, Jews, Slavs and Lombards. Western Sicily particularly prospered with Berbers settling in the Agrigento area coupled with Syrians and Egyptians in Palermo . In succession Sicily was ruled by the Sunni Aghlabid dynasty in Tunisia and the Shiite Fatimids in Egypt.
The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years. After suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph appointed Hassan al-Kalbi (948-964) as Emir of Sicily. He successfully managed to control the Byzantines and founded the Kalbid dynasty. Raids into southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under Otto II was defeated near Crotone in Calabria . With Emir Yusuf al-Kalbi (990-998) a period of steady decline began.
Under al-Akhal (1017-1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with Byzantium and the Zirids. By the time of Emir Hasan as-Samsam (1040-1053) the island had fragmented into several small fiefdoms.
The LUBBAD tribe had flourished in Palermo . The tribe had turned in to families, and warriors in to merchants, philosophers, and doctors. Form this we mention some of the most famous Mostafa bin Al Shaky Lubbad, physician and doctor for the prince of Palermo ; Edriss Bin Daher Lubbad, merchant and friend of the prince as well as his biggest creditor. Al Immam Murtaqi Bin Kaldoon Lubbad, philosopher, doctor, and writer as well as historian.
As the Palermo fell for the Byzantium, the Lubbad tribe started to migrate to Iraq as the Muslim rule in Sicily slowly came to an end following an invitation by the Emirs of Catania and Siracusa for a Norman invasion. The Lubbad tribe decided to relocate itself in Iraq.
The tribe established itself in an island in the Euphrates river, near an area that once contained two big ancient cities, one of which is the ancient city of Ana on the west bank dating back to the old Babylonian empire. The island would latter bearing the name of Lubbad, which at the time lied opposite in the middle of the river and on which the most ancient part of the city stood.The Haditha Dam; dam built by the Iraqi government in the 60s seven kilometers north of the town of that name. the dam Flooded eighteen ancient sites, six on the west bank of the river and nine on the east. It also covers three islands in mid-river. The area contains two big cities, one of which is the ancient city of Ana on the west bank dating back to the old Babylonian empire. The whole of this is to be immersed, together with the island of Lubbad. The other big city, Rawa, lies opposite Ana on the east bank and was flooded only partially. Among the buildings, which were spared, is a huge Ottoman castle built in 1869 on a mountainous spot overlooking the Euphrates and belonging to the time of Midhat Pasha, the famous Ottoman governor of Baghdad, who ruled between 1869 and 1872.As the Lubbad tribe flourished in its new home, it got rich thru commercial dealings and thru doing business all over the Middle East, especially in Baghdad, Damascus and Jerusalem as well as Haifa and Haka. As the crusaders invaded, the Lubbad tribe is called to duty again in the name of the Islamic empire as well in defense of their homes. After the failure of the Second Crusade, the Lubbad tribe volunteered in to Nur ad-Din Islamic army, helping to end the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. In 1163, Nur ad-Din's most trusted general, Shirkuh set out on a military expedition to the Nile. Accompanying the general was his young nephew, Saladin.With Shirkuh's troops, was a group of Lubbad warriors as well as noblemen, one of them Abu Bakr ibn al-Lubbad a well-known philosopher and scalar. The general camped outside of Cairo, Egypt's sultan, Shawar called on King Amalric I of Jerusalem for assistance.In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt and attacked Shirkuh's troops at Bilbeis in 1164. The Lubbads would contribute with money and men in all the crusades following, having part of the tribe relocate to Gaza and Egypt before the last crusade was finally defeated. It wasn’t till the early years of the thirteenth century, when a powerful Mongol leader named Hulagu Khan (1217-65), Chinggis's grandson. The Mongols under the leadership of Hulagu, the Mongol ruler, from the Far East swept west and gained control of the land, he marched on Baghdad with two hundred thousand Tartars.Al-Musta`sim Billah's army and the people of Baghdad jointly faced them as well as most of the Lubbad tribe located in the Lubbad island, but it was not in their power to stop this torrent of calamity. The result was that the Tartars entered Baghdad on the day of `Ashura' in AD1258 carrying with them bloodshed and ruin. They remained busy in killing for forty days. Rivers of blood flowed in the streets and all the alleys were filled with dead bodies.Hundreds of thousands of people were put to the sword while al-Musta`sim Billah, the last Abbasid caliph, was murdered, trampled to death under foot. The Mongol (Tartar) left the countryside the way they left much other countryside, totally ruined. This included the total annihilation of the Lubbad tribe in the island. While in Baghdad, Hulagu deliberately destroyed what remained of Iraq’s canal headwork’s. The material and artistic production of centuries was swept away. Iraq became a neglected frontier province ruled from the Mongol capital of Tabriz in Iran . After the death in 1335 of the last great Mongol khan, Abu Said (also known as Bahadur the Brave), a period of political confusion ensued in Iraq until a local petty dynasty, the Jalayirids, seized power. The Jalayirids ruled until the beginning of the fifteenth century. Jalayirid rule was abruptly checked by the rising power of a Mongol, Tamerlane (or Timur the Lame, 1336-1405), who had been atabeg of the reigning prince of the capital Samarkand (Uzbekistan).In 1401 Tamerlane sacked Baghdad and massacred many of its inhabitants. Tamerlane killed thousands of Iraqis and devastated hundreds of towns. In Iraq, political chaos, severe economic depression, and social disintegration followed in the wake of the Mongol invasions. Baghdad, long a center of trade, rapidly lost its commercial importance.By then the rest of the Lubbad tribe had moved entirely to Palestine locating them selves in the areas of Jerusalem, Akka, and specially Escalon near Gaza.With the Othman Empire invasion of the medal east, the Lubbad tribe joined the Mamaluk defenders in there last stand, this ending in defeat and the total domination of the Syria, Lebanon and Palestine as well as Egypt.The Lubbad’s were traditionally divided into related tribes. They were organized on several levels, allows lead by a consul of elders and wais men. Widely known to be extremely violent, they where used by some of the Islamic empire governors as well as generals to fulfill special missions of revenge or assassinations. It is even noted that the Lubbads had for some time a blood feud with the Hashashin. The feud ended with the assassination of Dirar Bin Baker Lubbad, at the time leader and chief of the clan. After the mentioned assassination it is told that the Family made a deal with the group where they would end hostilities. The Hashshashin (also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin or Assassins) was a religious sect of Ismaili Muslims from the Nizari sub-sect. They had a militant basis, which was employed in various political or religious purposes. They were thought to be active from 1090 to 1272. This mystic secret society was known to specialize in terrorizing the crusaders with fearlessly executed, politically motivated assassinations. Bernard Lewis however states that unlike the popular belief, their efforts were not primarily directed at crusades but against Muslim rulers whom they saw as impious usurpers. The word "assassin" is derived from this name. Their own name for the sect was al-da'wa al-jadīda (Arabic:الدعوة الجديدة) which means the new doctrine.[citation needed] They called themselves fedayeen from the Arabic fidā'ī, which means one who is ready to sacrifice their life for a cause.The Lubbad family applied in there life and family system, as well as in there serves a widely quoted Arab Bedouin saying - "I against my brothers, I and my brothers against my cousins, I and my brothers and my cousins against the world". The saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on closeness of kinship that runs from the nuclear family through the lineage, the tribe, and even, in principle at least, to an entire ethnic or linguistic group (which is believed to have a kinship basis). Thus there Disputes where settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are maintained by means of this organizational framework, according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility. The individual Lubbad family unit typically consisted of three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children. As previously mentioned the family were linked by patriarchic lineage but just as likely linked by marriage (new wives were especially likely to have male relatives join them), acquaintance or even no clearly defined relation but a simple shared membership in the tribe.The next scale of interactions inside tribal groups was the ibn amm or descent group, commonly of 3 or 5 generations. These were often linked to 'goums', but whereas a 'goum' would generally consist of people all with the same herd type, "descent groups" were frequently split up over several economic activities (allowing a degree of risk management: should one group of members of a descent group suffer economically, the other members would be able to support them). Whilst the phrase "descent group" suggests purely a lineage-based arrangement, in reality these groups were fluid and adapted their genealogies to take in new members.From my reading of old family texts and listening to old stories of our family told buy my grandfather, as he remember the time when his grandfather lived in Aca and Haifa in old Palistain, before the family had it’s problems with the ottoman empire and later with general Mohamed Ali the first, governor of Egypt; it is quit clear that the family was led by a Sheikh. The tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor - as mentioned above, this appears patrilineal but in reality new groups could have genealogies invented to tie them in to this ancestor. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Lubbad’s and the outside governments and organizations.The family was considered a very violent and dangers family, this is due to the fact that anything could result in a reaction leading to what my grandfather loved to call an Arab revenge. An Arab revenge would include the total extermination of the other family as well as anyone that ever helps them or mansions there name.It is obvious that revenge, to our family was a hotly-contested ethical issue in philosophy. Some feel that, at the very least, the threat of revenge is necessary to maintain a just society. The Lubbads believed that the injury inflicted in revenge should be greater than the original one, as a punitive measure. Revenge to them was a simple logical fallacy, of the same design as "two wrongs make a right." Indeed.Lubbad’s traditionally had a strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation; the family typically revolved around such codes.Lubbad in Russia:In this moment I will refer my information to simple sorties and legends passed to me thru stories told to me by my grandfather and grandmother about how we came to Russia and what happened to the grate clan of the Lubbads.In 1798 there was an invasion of the Arab world, known at the time as the Islamic ottoman impair. Napoleon invaded the province of Egypt and destroyed the Mamluk army that ruled the region under the ottoman flag at the Battle of the Pyramids.The immediate military objective of the expedition was to strike at Britain's communication routes with India . The British destruction of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile near Alexandria dealt a blow to Napoleon's ambitions. However, the rest of the expeditionary force occupied Egypt , with great difficulty, for three years. The occupation was officially brought to an end in 1801 by a joint British-Ottoman expedition.The ethnic and political divisions within Ottoman ranks prevented them from operating effectively for very long. When the troops had their salaries delayed, some of them mutinied, and many turned to banditry. With the Mamluks out of power and the French occupation over, Egypt was thrown into a power vacuum. Muhammad Ali, a young officer who had been second in command only to his rival Kadeem Muhad Rasheek, was sent by the Sublime Porte to evacuate the French. Muhammad Ali stepped in to fill the power vacuum by establishing a local power base of village leaders, clerics, and wealthy merchants in Cairo . With no one else able to hold the office in safety, he was recognized by the Porte and appointed Ottoman viceroy (wali; Arabic: والي) of Egypt in 1805.Muhammad 'Alī Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (Arabic: محمد علي باشا) (Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha) or Mehmet Ali Paşa in Turkish, (c. 1769 - August 2, 1849), was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt ". The dynasty he established would rule Egypt and Sudan until the mid-20th Century.Ali spent the first years of his rule fighting off attempts to unseat him and extended his personal authority over all of Egypt . In one of the most infamous episodes of his reign, Ali definitively broke the power of the Mamluks by massacring their leaders. Having worn down the Mamluks for years with raids and skirmishes, he invited their amirs in 1811 to a feast to celebrate his son Tusun Pasha's appointment to lead the army being sent against the Wahhabi rebellion in Arabia.Latter the Ali decided to take Syria, believing it to be the door way to a full invasion of the Ottoman capital in Turkey . The Egyptians overran Syria easily with little resistance. Acre was captured after a six-month siege, which lasted from 3 November 1831 to 27 May 1832. The Egyptian army marched north into Anatolia . At the Battle of Konya (21 December 1832), İbrahim Paşa soundly defeated the Ottoman army led by the sadr azam Grand Vizier Reşid Paşa. There was now no military obstacles between İbrahim's forces and Constantinople itself. Muhamad Ali's goal was now the removal of the current Ottoman emperor Mahmud II and replacing him with his son, the infant Abdülmecid.This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia 's offer of military aid, much to the dismay of the British and French governments. From this position, Russia brokered a negotiated solution in 1833 known as the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi. It was at this moment that the Lubbad family, added with some other influential Arab tribes decided to take sides in this unfortunate turn of events, in this case they took the side of the Kalifa after all he was the Profits representative as well as prince of all Muslims, it was thought to be a sin to go to was against the Kalifa, thus they felt it necessary to allay them self’s with the ottomans against the Albanian born governor of Egypt. The ottoman governor of Syria appointed the tribes and families allied to the empire to be lead in a joint force lead by the Russians to save the empire form Ali’s forces.The so awaited Battelle never came, instead there was peace, a deal was struck between the Kalifa, under pressure from the Russians, and Ali. The terms of the peace were that Ali would withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete (then known as Candia) and the Hijaz as compensation, and Ibrahim Pasha would be appointed wali of Syria.As Ali assumed Syria he started to go after the loyalists, like the Lubbads and exterminate them, many went to hiding other went to war, outnumbered, out gunned and hungry they lost. Massacred by the new ruler of Syria. In 1839, Muhammad Ali, dissatisfied with partial sovereignty over Syria , went to war again against the Caliph's forces. When Mahmud II ordered his forces to advance on the Syrian frontier, Ibrahim attacked and destroyed them at the Battle of Nezib (24 June 1839) near Urfa. Echoing the Battle of Konya, Istanbul was again left vulnerable to Ali's forces. Mahmud II died almost immediately after the battle took place and was succeeded by sixteen-year-old Abdülmecid. At this point, Ali and Ibrahim began to argue about which course to follow; Ibrahim favored conquering Istanbul and demanding the imperial seat while Ali was inclined simply to demand numerous concessions of territory and political autonomy for himself and his family. On 15 July 1840, Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia signed the London Convention, which granted Ali hereditary rule over Egypt and the administration for life over the governatorate of Acre in exchange for the withdrawal of his troops from the Syrian hinterland and the coastal regions of Mount Lebanon. Ali refused these terms and, despite the opposition of France, a multilateral European military intervention took place a few weeks later.After the British and Austrian navies blockaded the Nile delta coastline, shelled Beirut (11 September 1840), and after Acre had capitulated (3 November 1840), Ali agreed to the terms of the Convention on 27 November 1840, renouncing his claims over Crete and the Hijaz and downsizing his navy and his standing army to 18,000 men, provided that he and his descendants would enjoy hereditary rule over Egypt — an unheard-of status for an Ottoman viceroy. It was at that moment that some of the Lubbad`s decided to migrate to Turkey, and then left from there to Russia , at the time a growing super power, that was implying solders and looking for good fighting men.Our last contact with the Family is dated to 1897, when my Grandfather visited Palestine for the last time, he meet his cousin Salem Lubbad a brained man in his fifties, that at the time had become Shaike of the family and was said to have grate spiritual power, the ability to see the future and to learn things simply by touching someone. My grandfather liked him, and allows spoke of the holly man form Haifa whenever he could.After that, the tribe history stops until the year of 1906, when a Sayed Salem Abraham Lubbad participates of a consul condemning the Turkish and giving their allegiance to the Hashemite revolution started in Mecca. In 1929 a group of the Lubbad family participate of riots arise out of dispute between Jews and Palestinians over claims to Wailing (Western) Wall in Jerusalem, a site holy to Muslims and Jews. In resulting clashes, 133 Jews killed and 339 wounded, 116 Palestinians killed and 232 wounded, the latter mainly by British military.
